Biology 35
Purpose of this course:
1. To complete objectives from the I.B. program of studies not covered in Science 10 honors, Biology 20 I.B., or Biology 30 I.B.
2. To complete required time for the Practical Scheme of Work.
3. To review objectives from Science 10 honors, Biology 20 I.B., and Biology 30 I.B., in preparation for the I.B.exams.
Evaluation:
The course mark will be calculated as a cumulative total using the following categories.
Question sheet portfolio 35% IB Exam dates: May 17 (P.M) Paper 1: 1 hour
Quizzes, labs, assignments 35% May 17 (P.M.) Paper 2: 2.25 hours May 18 (A.M.) Paper 3: 1.25 hours Final exam (May 9) 30%
The I.B. exam will take place over two days and is broken up into three “papers”
Paper 1: 40 multiple choice, (20 from topics 1 to 5 and 20 from topics 7 to 16), time: 1 hour
Paper 2: Section A 1 data base question with several parts, from any of the topics, time: 0.75 hour
Section B 2 extended response questions from a choice of 4 questions, from any of the
Topics, time: 1.5 hours
Paper 3: 1 data base question, several short answer questions, and 1 extended response question in each of the two options studied (This is Option D, Evolution, and Option H, Human Physiology, for us), time:1.25 hours.
Calculators are not permitted in paper 1 but are required for papers 2 and 3, where programmable display calculators are allowed.
Updated marks will be posted several times throughout the semester at the back of the classroom.
All labs, quizzes, and assignments must be completed. Missed work will be given a mark of zero until it is made up. If you miss one of these for legitimate reasons you must get the assignment the class you return then have it handed in the next class. The same format will be followed if a quiz is missed. Missed lab work that can not be repeated will be made up with an alternate assignment.
We will use the textbook: “Biology: for the IB Diploma” by Andrew Allott. The objectives listed on the following table correspond to those in the textbooks. Read through the objectives identified for a class prior to the class. The question sheet portfolio works through these objectives. This portfolio will be collected four times throughout the semester. Class discussions/lessons will center on questions about those specific objectives, so it is imperative that the objectives be read before the class.
We meet every Thursday at lunch
Week Topic and Questions Question due date
1 Topic 1 and 2
2 Topic 3 Topic 1 and 2: Feb 9
3 Topic 4
4 Family day, Faith Days, Teacher convention
5 Topic 5 Topic 3 and 4: March 1
6 Topic 6
7 Topic 7 Topic 5 and 6: March 15
8 Topic 8
9 Topic 9 Topic 7 and 8: March 29
10 Topic 10 and 11
11 Easter Break
12 Topic D Topic 9,10, and 11: April 19
13 Topic H
14 Review Topic D and H: May 3
15 Mock I.B exam/ In class Final
16 I.B exams May 17 paper 1,2, May 18 paper 3
Date Objectives Date Objectives
Jan 30 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1,5 Ap 2 9.1, 9.2 Quiz 7-8, questions due
Feb 1 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4 Ap 4 10.1
Feb 5 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8 Ap 8 11.1, 11.2
Feb 7 3.1, 3.2 Quiz 1-2, questions due Ap 10 12.1, 12.2
Feb 11 3.3, 3.4 Ap 14 13.1,13.2, 13.3
Feb 13 4.1, 4.2 Ap 16 D1, D2, Quiz 9-13, questions due
Feb 15 4.3, 4.4, 4.5 Ap 21 D3, D4
Feb 26 5.1, 5.2 Quiz 3-4, questions due Ap 23 D5, D6
Feb 28 5.3, 5.4, 5.5 Ap 25 H1, H2
Mar 3 5.6, 5.7 Ap 29 H3, H4
Mar 5 6.1, 6.2 May 1 H5, H6
Mar 7 6.3, 6.4 May 5 review
Mar 11 6.5, 6.6 May 7 In class final mc/wr
Mar 13 7.1 Quiz 5-6, questions due May 9 In class final wr
Mar 17 7.2 May 13 review
Mar 19 8.1, 8.2 May 14 P.M. Paper 1 and Paper 2
Mar 31 8.3, 8.4 May 15 A.M. Paper 3
Biology 35 Objective 1.1, 1.2, 1.3
1. Explain the basic structure of a virus.
2. Distinguish between light and electron microscopes, state advantages and disadvantages
3. Define: resolution and magnification
4. If the eyepiece is 10X and the objectives are 5X, 15X, and 50X calculate the magnification at each.
5. What are organelles, list 6 examples
6. Build a chart to compare the sizes of molecules, cell membrane, viruses, bacteria, organelles, and cells
7. Compare the size of cell organelles, which is largest? Smallest?
8. Calculate the surface area to volume ratios of a cell cube2x2x2 cm and another cube 8x8x8 cm
9. Why are cells so small?
10. List two places in our bodies where increased surface area increases efficiency.
11. Define prokaryotic
12. Identify the parts of generalized bacterium and state functions of parts
13. Define eukaryotic
14. Describe the endosymbiotic theory
15. Label the diagram of the eukaryotic cell and identify the function of the parts
16. Compare and contrast eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
17. List three differences between plant and animal cells
18. What is the plant cell wall composed of?
19. What is the function of the plant cell wall?
20. Describe how to calculate the magnification of a drawing. (use scale bars)
21. Describe the metabolic activities of prokaryotic cells.
Biology 35 Objectives 1.4, 1.5
1. Draw the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane and label parts.
2. Define the following terms:
a. phospholipid
b. glycoprotein
c. integral proteins
d. peripheral proteins
e. hydrophobic
f. hydrophilic
g. diffusion
h. osmosis
i. passive transport
j. facilitated diffusion
k. semipermeable
l. active transport
m. protein pumps
n. A.T.P
o. concentration gradient
p. vesicles
q. endocytosis
r. exocytosis
s. pinocytosis
t. phagocytois
3. Explain what happens during
a. the cell cycle
b. interphase
c. prophase
d. metaphase
e. anaphase
f. telophase
4. List two differences in mitosis between plant and animal cells.
Biology 35 Objectives 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4
1. List one function for the following:
a. carbon
b. oxygen
c. hydrogen
d. nitrogen
e. sulfur
f. phosphorous
g. potassium
2. Outline the significance of water to life with respect to:
a. transparency
b. cohesion
c. surface tension
d. solvent properties (universal solvent)
e. thermal properties (heat capacity)
f. coolant
g. transport medium
h. habitat
3. Draw structure of:
a. amino acid
b. ring structure of glucose
c. glycerol
d. fatty acid
e. dipeptide, circle and label the peptide linkage (bond)
4. Define/explain condensation (dehydration synthesis) and hydrolysis
5. Complete the following table
Nutrient Example Energy Solubility in water Function
Monosaccharide
disaccharide
polysaccharide
Proteins
Fats/lipids
6. Draw the lock and key model of enzyme action. Label the active site, substrate, and enzyme.
7. What is pectinase? Explain its use.
8. Draw a DNA double helix, number the location of the carbons in the sugar, I.D. the nitrogen bases, sugar, and phosphate, hydrogen bond location and covalent bond location
Biology 35: Objectives 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8 use pages 40-44 and 81-86
1. What is complementary base pairing?
2. Define semiconservative replication and list the steps.
3. State two differences between DNA and RNA
4. Define:
a. Transcription
b. Translation
5. What is the function of helicase, and DNA polymerase?
6. What is RNA polymerase?
7. What is a mRNA codon?
8. What is a tRNA anticodon?
9. What is a peptide linkage?
10. What does degeneracy mean with respect to the genetic code?
11. What does universal mean with respect to the genetic code?
12. With respect to cell respiration define.
a. Pyruvate
b. lactate
13. Outline the differences in absorption of red, blue and green light by chlorophyll
14. Explain photolysis.
15. Complete the following table
Factor Effect on the rate of photosynthesis
Temperature
Light intensity
Carbon dioxide conc.
Biology 35: Objectives 3.1, 3.2 Use pages 57 to 64
1. State the composition of eukaryotic chromosomes
2. Describe what a karyotype is.
3. Describe one application of karyotyping.
4. Define:
a. gene
b. allele
c. genome
d. gene mutation
e. base substitution
4. Describe how a base subsitution results in sickle cell anemia.
5. State the purpose of meiosis
6. Define:
a. diploid
b. haploid
c. homologous chromosomes
7. Outline the eight stages of meiosis.
8. Explain how variation is produced as a result of meiosis.
9. Define nondisjunction and how it can produce Down’s syndrome.
10. State Mendel’s law of segregation.
11. How does Mendel’s law of segregation apply to meiosis.
Biology 35: Topic 3.3, 3.4
1. Define the following terms
a. genotype
b. phenotype
c. testcross
2. Predict the offspring of a cross between blood type O negative and AB positive (this person had a parent that had A negative blood).
3. Predict the offspring from a cross between a colorblind man and a woman with normal color vision but is a carrier for colorblindness.
4. Explain what PCR is.
5. Explain what gel electrophoresis is.
6. What is a DNA profile?
7. List three advantages and three disadvantages of genetic screening.
8. What is the Human Genome Project.
9. Outline the basic technique used for gene transfer (genetic engineering)
10. Provide two examples of genetically modified crops or animals
11. State two possible benefits and two possible harmful effects of genetically modified foods.
12. Outline the process of gene therapy.
13. Outline the technique for cloning using differentiated cells.
14. List two pros and two cons of cloning.
16. Do questions 12, 15,16 pages 74-75
Biology 35: Objectives 4.1, 4.2 Use pages77-80, 86-93
1.Draw a food web containing at least 10 organisms, with a minimum of 3 tropic levels. State the autotrophs, heterotrophs
2. State the difference between a saprotroph and a detritivore, state the function of each.
3. Explain the flow of energy through a food chain
4. How does the phrase “energy flows, matter cycles” apply to ecosystems?
5. Draw the carbon cycle to show the processes including photosynthesis, respiration, combustion, and fossilization.
6. Draw, label, and define each part of the S shaped growth curve. Then provide reasons for each phase of this growth curve.
7. State the equation for the Lincoln Index. Explain how this is used to estimate the size of a population.
8. Define random sampling.
9. Describe how quadrats are used to random sample plant populations.
10. What is the difference between the mean, median, and mode?
11. Describe what ‘standard deviation’ is.
12. What does a small standard deviation mean?
13. What does a large standard deviation mean?
Biology 35: Topic 4.3,4.4,4.5
1. Define evolution
2. List and briefly explain the main points (5) in Natural selection as explained by Darwin
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
3. Explain how antibiotic resistance in bacteria is an example of evolution.
4. Define species.
5. Describe the value of classifying organisms.
6. Outline (briefly explain) the binomial system of nomenclature.
7. State the five kingdoms all organisms are classified into and identify the defining criteria for each category.
Kingdom Description
8. List the seven levels in the hierarchy of taxonomy. Using two organisms, classify them into each of the seven categories.
Category Example one Example two
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
9. Do the classification worksheet attached.
10. Explain each of the following. In your explanation include the cause and effects.
a. greenhouse effect
b. ozone depletion
c. acid precipitation
Biology 35: Objectives 5.1, 5,2
1. complete the following table
Enzyme Gland produced by substrate product
Salivary amylase
Pepsin
Sucrase
Maltase
Lactase
Lipase
Amylase
Nuclease
Trypsin
2. Draw a cross section of a villus. Identify where the microvilli are found
3. Complete the table
Vessel Direction of flow Pressure Adaptations
Artery
Vein
Capillary
4. State the function of:
a. Plasma
b. Erythrocytes
c. Leucocytes
d. plateletes
5. Label the diagram of the heart and the digestive system.
6. Explain the relationship between the structure and function of the 3 types of vessels
7. Explain how the following provide defence against disease
a. skin and mucous membranes
b. phagocytic leucocytes
c. antibody production
8. How does HIV affect the immune system?
Biology 35: Objectives 5.3, 5.4, 5.5
1. Complete the table:
Organism: Pathogen Disease example
2. List six methods by which pathogens are transmitted and gain entry to the body.
3. Name a bacteria disease:
State the cause:
How is it transmitted:
How does it gain entry to the body:
4. Why are antibotics effective against bacteria but not viruses
5. What is AIDS:
State the cause:
How is it transmitted:
List some social implications:
5. How do the following act as barriers against pathogens:
a. skin:
b. mucous membranes
6. How do phagocytic leucocytes ingest pathogens?
7. State the difference between:
a. antibody
b. antigen
8. Explain how antibodies are produced (see objective booklet for info.)
9. List two specific effects of HIV on the immune system.
10. List the 4 features of alveoli that adapt them to gas exchange.
11. State the difference between the following:
a. ventilation
b. gas exchange
c. cell respiration
12. Explain how we breath in including the action of internal and external intercostal muscles, the diaphragm, and abdominal muscles.
13. Draw a diagram of the ventilation system including trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs
Biology 35: Objectives 5.6, 5.7
1. Define homeostasis.
2. List the two major divisions of the nervous system
3. What do neurons do in the nervous system?
4. Describe the control of body temperature by describing:
a. the transfer of heat in the blood
b. the role of sweat glands
c. the role of skin arterioles
d. the role of shivering
5. What is the endocrine system and what is it composed of?
6. What are the roles of the following in the regulation of blood glucose?
a. glucagon
b. insulin
c. alpha cells
d. beta cells
7. Define excretion
8. Outline the role of the kidney in excretion and maintenance of water balance.
9. Explain the role of the following hormones in males and females in regulating puberty.
a. testosterone
b. estrogen
10. List the functions of the following hormones in the menstrual cycle
a. Estrogen
b. Progesterone
c. FSH
d. LH
11. List the functions of the following hormones in regulating spermatogenesis
a. Testosterone
b. FSH
c. LH
12. List the secondary sexual characteristics in both sexes
13. State the difference between copulation and fertilization
14. Define the following terms:
a. zygote
b. morula
c. blastocyst
d. embryo
e. fetus
15. State the function of the following:
a. amniotic sac
b. amniotic fluid
c. placenta
16. List three stages of child birth and what occurs in each.
17. Outline the role of progestrone and oxytocin in childbirth.
18. Family planning and contraception
method name description
Mechanical
Chemical
behavioral
19. Describe an ethical issue related to family planning and contraception
20. Outline the following processes
a. Amniocentesis
b. in vitro fertilization
Biology 35: Topic 6.1, 6.2
1. Outline the structure of nucleosomes. What is the purpose of this structure?
2.What are antiparallel strands in DNA?
3.Explain the 3’-5’ linkage.
4. List the two purines.
5. List the two pyrimidines.
6. What does the 5’-3’ direction in DNA replication mean?
7. Explain the following terms:
a. Helicase
b. RNA primase
c. DNA polymerase III
d. Deoxynucleoside triphosphates
e. Okazaki fragments
f. DNA polymerase I
g. DNA ligase
8. What are eukaryotic chromosomes?
Biology 35: Topic 8.1, 8.2
1. State the purpose of meiosis
2. Define the following terms:
a. crossing over
b. chiasmata
c. synapsis
d. tetrad
e. diploid
f. haploid/monoploid
g. recombination
h. Mendel’s law of independent assortment
i. Recombinants in dihybrid crosses
3. Describe the behavior of chromosomes in each of the following stages of meiosis
Stage of meiosis Behavior of chromosomes
Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
4. State the significance of the Chi-squared test in analysing monohybrid and dihybrid crosses.
5. Do questions 1 and 2 on page 95 of the textbook. Also, do a chi squared calculation for the data in question 2 answering the question, is this data due to chance alone?
Biology 35: Topic 8.3, 8.4
1. State the difference between the autosomes and the sex chromosomes.
2. Explain how crossing over in Prophase I can result in an exchange of alleles.
3. Define linkage group.
4. Explain an example of a cross between two linked genes. Demonstrate how the ratios of offspring are different between linked and nonlinked crosses. Be able to use the horizontal line format specified in your objectives handout.
5. State how you identify which of the offspring in dihybrid crosses with linked genes are the recombinants.
Problem: To determine if the ratio of offspring from a dihybrid cross is due to chance or other effects.
Procedure:
1. Select two sets of coins, ex: 2 pennies and 2 dimes.
2. Let heads on one set be Tall and tails be short, and on the other set let heads be Green and tails be brown (TtBb)
3. Assume that one coin from each set represents the gamete from each parent.
4. Shake the coins together 25 times and record the possible crosses/offspring produced from a mating of two dihybrid parents.
5. Put your data on the board and record class data.
Record the class data in an appropriate table
Analyze the class data to answer the problem.
Biology 35: Topic 9.1, 9.2
1. Sketch a cross section through a testes. Include the following labels, state the function of each label beside the label. (seminiferous tubules, interstitial cells, developing spermatozoa, sertoli cells)
2. Define the following terms:
a. Spermatogenesis
b. mitosis in spermatogenesis
c. cell growth
d. two divisions of meiosis
e. primary spermatocytes
f. secondary spermatocytes
3. Outline the origin and function of the following hormones in spermatogenesis:
a. FSH
b. LH
4. Sketch and label a cross section through the ovary. Include the following labels: graafian follicles, primary oocytes, zona pellucida.
5. Explain the following processes in oogenesis:
a. Mitosis
b. cell growth
c. two divisions
d. unequal division of cytoplasm
e. degeneration of polar bodies
f. primary oocyte
g. secondary oocyte
6. Draw a mature sperm cell. Label: head, middle, tail, mitochondria, nucleus, acrosome
7. Draw a mature egg cell. Label: nucleus, zona pellucida, corona radiata.
8. State the function of the following:
a. Epididymus
b. seminal vesicles
c. prostate gland
9. Explain the composition of semen.
10. Compare the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis including the number of gametes and the timing of the formation and release of gametes.
11. Explain the following processes of fertilization:
a. acrosome reaction
b. penetration of egg membrane
c. cortical reaction
12. What is the function of HCG, what is it produced by and when is it produced?
13. Describe the structure and function of the placenta.
14. What hormones does the placenta produce during pregnancy, when does it produce them, and what are their functions.
Biology 35: Topic 10.1
1. Describe the process of clotting: (list three major steps)
2. Identify the different cell types of the immune system and what they are responsible for.
3. What is clonal selection.
4. Define the following:
a. active immunity
b. passive immunity
c. natural immunity
d. artifical immunity
5. Explain antibody production
6. Describe how monoclonal antibodies are produced and how they can be used.
7. Outline the principle of vaccination
8. What is the MMR vaccine?
9. Discuss the benefits of vaccination.
10. Discuss the dangers of vaccination.
Biology 35: Objectives 11.1, 11.2
1. What do the following abbreviations stand for and what parts do they include:
a) CNS
b) ANS
c) PNS
2. Draw and label a motor neuron
3. Define resting and action potential.
4. What is a polarized neuron?
5. What is a non-myelinated neuron?
6. What role do ion channels have?
7. What is the role of Na and K ions in the nerve impulse
8. What is the purpose of active transport in the nerve impulse?
9. What is the synapse?
10. What is the role of calcium at a neuromuscular junction?
11. What is the function of neurotransmitters and how are they removed from the synapse?
12. Draw a diagram of the human elbow joint including cartilage, synovial fluid, tendons, ligaments, bones and muscles. State the functions of these parts.
13. Draw the structure of skeletal muscle, as seen in electronmicrographs. (note actin, myosin, sarcoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, sarcomere, dark bands, light bands)
14. What is the function of the following in skeletal muscle contraction (sliding filament theory):
a) Troponin
b) Tropomyosin
c) Actin
d) Myosin
e) cross-bridge formation
f) ATP
g) Ca ions
Biology 35: Objectives 12.1, 12.2
1. Complete the following table:
Organism Nitrogen waste product Habitat
Mammals
Birds
Amphibians
Fish
2. Explain the need for excretion in all living organisms.
3. Label the diagrams of the Human excretory system, kidney, and nephron
4. Define the following:
a) ultrafiltration
b) fenestrated blood capillaries
c) basement membrane
d) osmoregulation
5. Explain how glucose, water, and salt are reabsorbed in the P.C.T. including the role of microvilli, osmosis and active transport.
6. Explain the roles of the loop of Henle, medulla, collecting duct, in maintaining water balance in the blood.
7. Compare the composition of blood in the renal artery and renal vein.
8. Compare the composition of glomerular filtrate and urine.
9. Outline the structure and action of kidney dialysis machines.
Biology 35: Topic 13.1, 13.2
1.
Plant phyla Description/characteristics
Bryophytes
Filicinophytes
Coniferophytes
Angiospermophytes
2. Draw a diagram of:
a) a dicot plant (roots, stem, leaf, axillary and terminal buds
b) tissues in the stem, root and leaf of a dicot plant. (low power diagrams of location of xylem and phloem, and other tissues)
3. Explain the function of the following leaf tissues:
a) cuticle
b) upper and lower epidermis
c) spongy mesophyll
d) palisade mesophyll
e) guard cells
f) stomata
g) xylem
h) phloem
4. What are xerophytes, list some examples, then explain the significance of the following adaptations.
a) CAM and C4 physiology
b) reduced leaves
c) rolled leaves
d) spines
e) deep roots
f) waxy cuticle
g) reduced stomata
h) stomata surrounded by hairs
i) water storage tissue
5. What are hydrophytes, list some examples, and list two structural adaptations.
6. What is the function of branching, root hairs and cell walls in the transport of water and mineral ions in plant roots
7. How is active transport used to move mineral ions into roots?
8. Explain the process of water uptake by root epidermis cells and its movement across the root to the xylem by:
a) symplastic pathway
b) apoplastic pathway
Biology 35: Topic 13.2, 13.3
1. List and explain three ways terrestrial plants support themselves against gravity.
2. Define transpiration.
3. Define the following with respect to the movement of water in plants:
a. xylem vessels
b. tracheids
c. transpiration pull
d. cohesion
e. evaporation
3. Explain the function of guard cells and stomata.
4. How do the following affect the rate of transpiration
a) Light
b) Temperature
c) Wind
d) humidity
5. Define translocation in plants
6. Outline the role of the following in the movement of sugars in plants:
a. sieve tubes
b. companion cells.
7. How is food stored in plants.
8. Draw the structure of a dicot flower: label sepal, petal, anter, filament, stigma, style, and ovary.
9. Differentiate between the following:
a. Pollination
b. Fertilization
c. seed dispersal
10. Draw the external and internal structure of a named dicot seed: label test, micropyle, embryo root, embryo shoot and cotyledons.
11. Describe the metabolic events of germination in a typical starchy seed.
12. Explain three conditions needed for the germination of a typical seed.
Topic 8-13 Quiz Name:________________________
1. What is the purpose of meiosis?
2. Complete the following table.
Hormone origin Function in females
FSH
LH
Estrogen
Progesterone
3. Explain the acrosome and cortical reactions during fertilization.
4. What does HCG do during early pregnancy and why is it not needed after about three months.
5. What produces antibodies in your blood and how are they produced?
6. Explain how nerve impulses travel along non-myelinated neurons.
7. Draw a sarcomere, label the parts, then explain how it contracts.
8. Explain how water is reabsorbed from the proximal convoluted tubule.
9. In order for a seed to germinate (start to grow) four events happen. List them.
Biology 35: Objectives D1, D2
1. Summarize the origin and development of the pre-biotic Earth.
2. What is meant by a ‘reducing atmosphere’? What was it composed of?
3. Summarize the experiment by Miller and Urey. What is this experiment significant?
4. What substances are hypothesized to be the first catalysts and how did they speed up protein synthesis?
5. Summarize the origin of membranes; what are coacervates?
6. Explain the endosymbiotic theory proposed by Lynn Margulis
7. What theory of evolution did Lamark propose and how did his theory work?
8. Why is this theory not accepted?
9. Who were Wallace and Darwin? What theory did they formulate to explain evolution?
10. How does their theory work?
11. Describe evidence from the peppered moth that illustrates natural selection.
12 What is special creation?
13 What is panspermia?
Biology 35: Objectives D3, D4
1. Define the following groups of mammals:
a) monotremes
b) marsupials
c) placental
2. How does the geographical distribution of these groups illustrate evolution in mammals.
3. Outline four main stages in the process of fossilization.
4. Define half life.
5. Describe how rocks and fossils are aged (dated) using radioisotopes 14C and 40K. Specify the accuracy of each and when each should be used.
6. What is a decay curve and how is it used to deduce the age of materials.
7. List three major kinds of evidence for evolution and provide an example of each.
8. What does the ‘universality of DNA and proteins’ mean and how is this relevant to evolution?
9. Define Phylogeny.
10. How do variations in molecules indicate phylogeny and how is this used as an evolutionary clock?
11. Define homologous structures and analogous structures and provide an example of each.
12. Outline two modern examples of evolution (galapagos finch beaks should be one example)
13. List adaptations for tree life which define humans as primates.
14. What anatomical evidence suggests humans evolved from a species of African ape.
15. What biochemical evidence suggests humans evolved from a species of African ape.
16. Define bipedal and neotenous.
17.
Fossil Time period Habitat Trends
A. afarensis
A. africanus
A. robustus
H. habilis
H. erectus
H. neaderthalensis
H. sapiens
18. What environmental changes may have prompted or brought about the change in the above characteristics?
19. What are the consequences of bipedalism and increased brain size?
20. What two behaviors are unique to the Homo lineage?
21. What is the difference between genetic and cultural evolution? Why are these important in the evolution of humans?
Biology 35: Objectives D5, D6
1. Define mutations.
2. Explain the difference between a gene mutation and a chromosome mutation, and provide an example of each.(PKU, and cystic fibrosis)
3. What is the main source of variation in populations?
4. Why is variation essential for evolution to continue?
5. How does the frequency of an adaptation accumulate in a population ( how does microevolution occur)?
6. How does microevolution lead to macroevolution (speciation)
7. Define gradualism.
8. Define punctuated equilibrium.
9. Define species and gene pool.
10. Define the following terms, then explain how they are related to speciation.
a. geographic or ecological isolation of gene pools
b. reproductive or genetic isolation of gene pools.
11. Write the Hardy-Weinberg equation and explain what each part represents in a population.
12. Under what conditions does the Hardy-Weinberg principle apply
13. Define the following and provide an example of each:
a) transient polymorphism
b) balanced polymorphism
14. Do questions 3, 5, and 6 on page 382-383 (for question 6 list percentages and numbers in the population for both alleles, all three genotypes and both phenotypes)
Biology 35: Topic D Quiz Name:________________________
1. Describe the Miller and Urey experiment and state why this is significant in the explanation of the origin of life on Earth.
2. Explain the endosymbiotic theory.
3. State and explain Lamark’s theory of evolution.
4. State and explain the Darwin-Wallace theory of evolution.
5. How are rocks and fossils dated (aged) using radioisotopes.
6. Explain the difference between homologous and analogous structures.
7. List three changes that occur in the fossil record of humans (from Australopithecus to Homo sapiens)
8. Explain the difference between microevolution and macroevolution.
9. Explain the difference between gradualism and punctuated equilibrium
10. The gene for free earlobes is dominant to the gene for attached earlobes. If 60 of 87 people have free earlobes how many of the 87 are heterozygous. Show your work.
Biology 35: Objectives H1, H2
1. Define the following terms:
a. Homeostasis
b. endocrine gland
c. exocrine gland
d. hormone
e. target tissue
f. steroid hormone (and provide an example)
g. protein (peptide and tyrosine derivatives) hormone (and provide an example)
2. Draw a diagram of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Include the portal vein vein connecting the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland and the neurosecretory cells connecting the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland. (use the back)
3. Explain the functions of thyroxin, TSH, and TRH, in the negative feedback of body temperature.
4. Describe the role of the following in the control of regulation of water:
a) Hypothalamus
b) posterior pituitary
c) ADH
d) feelings of thirst
5. Complete the following table
Digestive fluid Location Contents function
Saliva
Gastric juice
Pancreatic juice
Intestinal juice
6. Draw the structural features of exocrine glands including secretory cells grouped into acini and ducts. (use the back side of this page)
7. What two methods are used to control digestive secretions.
8. Why does cellulose remain undigested in our system?
9. What the alimentary canal?
10. Why are pepsin and trypsin initially synthesized as inactive precursors and how are they subsequently activated?
11. What is the difference between an endopeptidase and an exopeptidase?
12. Why is lipid digestion in a hydrophilic medium a problem?
13. What function does bile provide?
Biology 35 Objectives H.3, H.4
1. Explain the functions of the following parts of an epithelium cell of a villus:
a) Microvilli
b) Mitochondria
c) pinocytic vesicles
d) tight junctions
2. Explain how the following mechanisms are used by the ileum to absorb and transport food:
a) facilitated diffusion
b) active transport
c) endocytosis
3. List the materials which are not absorbed and are egested.
4. Outline the circulation of blood through the liver including:
a) hepatic artery
b) hepatic portal vein
c) sinusoids
d) hepatic vein
5. How does the liver regulate glucose and proteins.
6. Outline the role of the liver in the storage of the following nutrients.
a) iron
b) retinol
d) calciferol
7. Describe the process of bile formation
8. Describe the process of erythrocyte and hemoglobin breakdown in the liver including:
a. phagocytosis
b. digestion of globin
c. bile pigment formation.
9. Outline the synthesis of plasma proteins by the liver.
10. Complete the following chart
Hormone regulation of digestion
Hormone Produced from Stimulus for release Effect of hormone
Gastrin
Secretin
Pancreozymin
Cholecystokinin
Biology 35: Objectives H5, H6
1. Define the following parts of the cardiac cycle:
a) atrial diastole
b) atrial systole
c) ventricular systole
d) ventricular diastole
e) cardiac cycle
2. Explain what causes the “lub-dub” sounds of the heart.
3. Explain how the following regulate heart beat:
a) SA node
b) AV node
c) Conducting fibers
4. Define artherosclerosis, describe its effect on blood pressure and how it is caused.
5. What is a coronary thrombosis?
6. List factors that affect rates of coronary heart disease
7. Explain how tissue fluid and lymph are formed in body tissues.
8. What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
9. Define partial pressure
10. On the back of this page draw the oxygen dissociation curves of adult and fetal hemoglobin and myoglobin.
11. What is myoglobin?
12. Why is the oxygen dissociation curve for myoglobin higher than the curve for hemoglobin?
13. Why is the oxygen dissociation curve for fetal hemoglobin higher than the curve for maternal hemoglobin?
14. List the three ways carbon dioxide is transported the blood.
15. What is the function of carbonic anhydrase?
16. What is the chloride shift?
17. Explain how some plasma proteins (like hemoglobin) have a buffering action.
18. Explain the Bohr shift.
19. Explain how we inhale and exhale. In your explanation use the internal and external intercostal muscles, the diaphragm and the abdominal muscles.
20. Explain the problem of gas exchange at high altitudes and how the body acclimatizes.
21. Outline the possible causes of lung cancer and asthma and their effects on the gas exchange system
Biology 35: Topic H quiz Name:________________________
1. Define homeostasis.
2. Explain how body temperature is controlled. Your explanation should include mechanisms from three different body systems.
3. Complete the following table:
Digestive fluid Location Enzymes Function of enzymes
Saliva
Gastric juice
Pancreatic juice
Intestinal juice
4. Explain how the structure of bile allows lipase to digest fat in a water environment.
5. State the function of the following:
a) hepatic vein
b) hepatic artery
c) hepatic portal vein
d) bile duct
6. Explain what erythrocytes are broken down into in the liver
7. What causes the two major heart sounds.
8. What are the functions of the SA node and the AV node
9. How is tissue fluid/lymph different from plasma (identify two differences)
10. What is the major way oxygen is transported by the blood?
11. List three ways carbon dioxide is transported by the blood.
12. Explain the Bohr Shift.
Biology 35: Objectives 5.4, 5.5, 5.6
1. Describe four features of alveoli that allow them to carry out gas exchange
2. Outline a health problem concerned with gas exchange.
3. Draw and label a diagram of the respiratory system.
4. Explain in point form the homeostasis of a) blood glucose and b) body temperature. Include drawings of negative feedback loops.
21. Label the diagrams of the male and female reproductive systems.
22. Complete the table:
Hormone Males Females
F.S.H.
LH
7.Complete the table by identifying the function of the following hormones in the menstrual cycle:
Hormone Function in the menstrual cycle
F.S.H.
L.H.
Estrogen
Progesterone
8.Define the following terms:
a. zygote
b. morula
c. blastocyst
d. embryo
e. fetus
f. amniotic sac
g. placenta
9.List the three stages of births, include the effects of progestrone, oxytocin. Describe the positive feedback loop that develops at this time.
10.Outline the following processes:
a. Amniocentesis
b. Chorionic villus sampling
c. In vitro fertilization
Intraspecific Competition
Growth Of Bean Seedlings In Relation To Density
Procedure
1. Each person will obtain bean seeds and 4L round flower pot. Fill the pots 3/4 full with soil. Area is 150 cm
2. Plant the beans as follows:
Group 1: 2 seeds
Group 2: 4 seeds
Group 3: 8 seeds
Group 4: 16 seeds
Group 5: 32 seeds
Group 6: 64 seeds
3. Plant all seeds evenly in the pots. It is important when planting seeds that each seed be closely inspected so that only viable seeds are used and cracked or damaged seeds are discarded. Plant all seeds on there side.
4. Place the seeds on the surface of the soil. Then cover the seeds with ½ cm of soil, loosely packed, then label the container with the date and number of seeds.
5. Water the seeds so the surface appears wet. Check the depth of water penetration, by poking a hole in the soil where no seeds were planted, to ensure the seeds have received water.
6. Place each pot near the window.
7. Check the seeds daily and water the seeds as needed.
8. Two weeks after planting record the number of live plants per pot, the number of dead plants per pot, and the number of plants that germinated (total of living and dead plants). Harvest the plants by cutting them at ground level and immediately weigh them to get fresh biomass per pot and per plant.
Results:
Record all data and graph the results as follows:
1) Plot the total fresh biomass against density.
2) plot the mean fresh plant biomass (the total biomass of live plants over the total number of live plants) against density
3) Plot the percent germination (the total number of seeds that germinated (whether they lived or died) over the total number of seeds planted) against density
4) Plot the percent mortality (the total number of plants that germinated and started to grow but died before the end of the experiment over the total number of seeds planted) against density.
Include the following in your report: collect data in a proper table, plot graphs as specified above, analyze and explain the results of the experiment and draw conclusions, evaluate the results (follow your lab report format).
Fertilization
Zygote
Morula
Blastocysts
Outer cells Inner cells Inner cells
Chorion Yolk sac Amnion Germ layers
Ectoderm Endoderm Mesoderm
Fetus
Baby
1. List adaptations for tree life which define humans as primates.
2. What anatomical evidence suggests humans evolved from a species of African ape.
3. What biochemical evidence suggests humans evolved from a species of African ape.
4. Define bipedal and neotenous.
5.
Fossil Time period Habitat Trends
A. afarensis
A. africanus
A. robustus
H. habilis
H. erectus
H. neaderthalensis
H. sapiens
6. What environmental changes may have prompted or brought about the change in the above characteristics?
7. What are the consequences of bipedalism and increased brain size?
8. Discuss the incompleteness of the fossil record and the resulting uncertainties with respect to human evolution
9. What two behaviors are unique to the Homo lineage?
10. What is the difference between genetic and cultural evolution? Why are these important in the evolution of humans?
1. List one function for the following:
a. Carbon
b. Oxygen
c. Hydrogen
d. Nitrogen
e. Sulfur
f. Phosphorous
g. potassium
2. Outline the significance of water to life with respect to:
a. Transparency
b. Cohesion
c. surface tension
d. solvent properties (universal solvent)
e. thermal properties (heat capacity)
f. coolant
g. transport medium
h. habitat
Biology 35: Objectives D1, D2
1. Summarize the origin and development of the pre-biotic Earth.
2. What is meant by a ‘reducing atmosphere’? What was it composed of?
3. Summarize the experiment by Miller and Urey. What is this experiment significant?
4. What substances are hypothesized to be the first catalysts and how did they speed up protein synthesis?
5. Summarize the origin of membranes; what are coacervates?
6. Explain the endosymbiotic theory proposed by Lynn Margulis
12 What is special creation?
13 What is panspermia?
3. Draw a DNA molecule four base pairs in length. On your diagram identify all parts, base pairing, and bonding. (6 marks)
Biology 35 Quiz #1 Name:_____________________
1. Identify 3 advantages of light microscopes and 2 advantages of electron microscopes
Advantages Disadvantages
2. Label the diagram of the cell on the back of this page and determine the magnification of the drawing
3. Match the name to the correct diagram (not all diagrams will be used)
Glucose, ribose, glycerol, fatty acid, amino acid
4. Complete the table below:
Sugar Bases Number of strands
DNA
RNA
5. Define the terms degenerate and universal as they relate to the genetic code
6. Explain what occurs during photolysis: what is used and what products are produced
7. Sketch 3 graphs that illustrate the effect of temperature, light intensity, and carbon dioxide concentration on the rate of photosynthesis.
Topic 5 and 6 Quiz
1. State the source, substrate, products and optimum pH conditions for one amylase, one protease and one lipase (6 marks)
2. Draw a diagram of the heart showing al four chambers, associated blood vessels and valves (8 marks)
3. Describe the cause, transmission and effects of one human bacterial disease (3 marks)
4. State the difference between antigen and antibody (2 marks)
5. Outline the process of In Vitro Fertilization (3 marks)
6. Explain the function of the following: (5 marks)
i. helicase
ii. RNA primase
iii. RNA polymerase
iv. DNA polymerase III
v. DNA polymerase I
7. Outline the difference between fibrous and globular proteins, with reference two two examples of each type of protein. (4 marks)
Biology 35: Objectives D1, D2
1. Summarize the origin and development of the pre-biotic Earth.
2. What is meant by a ‘reducing atmosphere’? What was it composed of?
3. Summarize the experiment by Miller and Urey. What is this experiment significant?
4. What substances are hypothesized to be the first catalysts and how did they speed up protein synthesis?
5. Summarize the origin of membranes; what are coacervates?
6. Explain the endosymbiotic theory proposed by Lynn Margulis
7. What is special Creation?
8. What is panspermia?
Topic 9-11 Quiz
1. Answer one of the following:
a)list the four events that happen during germination of a seed
b)list four adaptations xerophytes to their environment
2. Draw and label a diagram of the human elbow joint