BIOLOGY EOC REVIEW PACKET

Scientific Method

• Define the following:
• Independent Variable: the variable that I change in the experiment

• Dependent Variable: the variable that I am measuring (it depends on the independent variable)

 

• Control Variable: variable that stay the same

• Controlled experiment: an experiment in which only one variable is changed at a time

 

• Hypothesis: an educated guess (If…, then…)

 

• You have measured the rate at which a fish breaths at various temperatures by counting the rate at which its gills open. The data table is shown below.  Create a line graph depicting the results.

Breathing Rate (breaths/minute)	Temperature (°C)
19	5
25	10
30	20
34	30
38	35

 

 

 

• What is the independent variable?  Explain why.

Temperature, it is the variable that is being changed

• The dependent variable?  Explain why.

Breathing rate, it is the variable that is being measured and it depends on the temperature

• What happens to breathing rate with increase in temperature?

Breathing rate increases

• Identify at least 3 control variables in this experiment.

Same tank, same fish, same pH of water, same time of day

• What do you think would happen if you raised the temperature even more?  Why would it be a bad idea to do this?

The breathing rate would increase even more, but if the temperature gets too hot the fish could die.

• An experiment was performed to determine how much fertilizer was needed to produce the most pumpkins on the vine.  The results are shown below.

No, the height for 6g of Menots is the same as 9g of Menots

 

 

 

 

 

Chapter 2 – The Chemistry of Life

• Fill in chart below:

Organic Molecule:	Contains which of the following: C, H, O, N, P	Made up of:	Function	Examples
Carbohydrates	C, H, O	Sugars & starches	Main source of energy for living things Structural support for plants	Glucose Fructose Glycogen
Lipids	C, H	Fatty acid & glycerol	Store energy for living things Compose bi-layer in all cell membranes Leaves translucent spots on paper Steroids = chemical messengers	Fats Oils Waxes
Proteins	C, H, O, N	Amino Acids	Regulate cell processes. Form bones & muscle. Transport substances in & out of cells. Fight off disease. (Immune System)	Enzymes
Nucleic Acids	C, H, O, N, P	Nucleotides	Stores genetic material	DNA RNA

• What is the function of an enzyme?

Acts as a biological catalyst, speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

 

• How do temperature and pH affect enzymes?

Most enzymes work best at body temperature, higher temps will cause the enzyme to no longer work properly

 

• Why is water important to living things?

Make up a lot of living things, universal solvent (dissolves many things)

 

• Water is POLAR (which mean it is + on one end and – on the other).

• Define Surface Tension:

Attraction between water molecules which allows insects and other objects to float a top the water

 

• Acids have pH BELOW 7

• Bases have pH ABOVE 7

 

• Neutral solutions have pH of 7

Chapter 7 – Cell Structure & Function (including Diffusion and Osmosis)

• Define the following:
• Lipid bilayer – double layer of lipids that make up a cell membrane

• Protein Channels – help move bigger molecules through the cell membrane

 

• Carbohydrates – check ID of substances entering the cell

 

• List the function of the following organelles:

Organelle	Function
Nucleus	Controls the functions of the cell
Ribosomes	Make proteins
Cell membrane	Regulate what enters and leaves the cell
Cell wall	Provides protection and support for plant cells
Mitochondria	Creates energy for the cell by breaking down sugar
Vacuoles	Stores water, sugar, and other molecules for the cell
Lysosome	Cleans up waste in the cell
Golgi apparatus	Sorts and packages molecules for transport around the cell
Chloroplast	Creates energy for plant cells by converting sunlight into usable energy
Endoplasmic reticulum	Make components (parts) for the cell

 

• Label as many parts of the cells as you can.

    

                                                 

 

• Which is a plant cell – left or right? Left

 

• List the hierarchy of cell organization from largest to smallest below:

Organelle → Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System ***This listing is smallest to largest****

 

• Compare and contrast eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells.

Eukaryotic: have a nucleus, more complex, organelles

Prokaryotic: no nucleus, simple, no membrane-bound organelles

 

• Compare and contrast plant cells and animal cells.

Plant: Cell wall, one large vacuole, chloroplast

Animal: Many small vacuoles, lysosomes, centrioles

Both: Nucleus, ER, golgi apparatus, cell membrane, mitochondria,

 

 

 

• Define semi-permeable membrane:

Membrane that allows some things to pass while others cannot

• In osmosis, water moves from an area of HIGH to an area of LOW concentration.

 

• In diffusion, molecules move from an area of HIGH to an area of LOW concentration.

• Explain what has happened in the diagram to the left.
• Why did the large dark molecules NOT move to the left?

Too large to pass through the membrane

 

• If the dark molecule is starch, where is the starch concentration greatest (left or right)?

Right

• If the white molecule is water, where is the water concentration greatest at first?

Left

• If the dark molecules could move, in what direction would they move? Why?

To the left, moves from high to low concentration

 

• Draw arrows to show which way water will move in each of the following situations:
• Salt inside the cell = 65% and outside the cell 40%.

 

 

 

 

• Sugar inside the cell 27% and outside 80%.

 

 

 

 

• Complete the table.

Chapter 10 – The Cell Cycle & Mitosis

• When does the duplication of DNA occur? S phase during Interphase

 

• What is a cell doing during the GI and G2 periods?

G1: cell growth; G2: cell prepares to divide

• What happens during cytokinesis?

The cytoplasm divides

• If the cell cycle is controlled by enzymes, what might result if the genes that control the production of these enzymes are damaged?

The cell could not control its growth rate and would continue to divide – leads to cancer

• Put the following stages of mitosis (cell division) in order.

 

Anaphase                     Prophase                    Interphase                Telophase             Metaphase

• Describe in words what happens at each stage of meiosis.
• Interphase: DNA replication

 

• Prophase I: Homologous chromosomes pair up forming a tetrad

 

• Metaphase I: tetrad line up in the middle

 

• Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes pull apart

 

• Telophase I: two new cells form

 

• Prophase II: Cell prepares to divide again

 

• Metaphase II: Homologous chromosomes line up in the middle

 

• Anaphase II: sister chromatids pull apart

 

• Telophase II: 4 new cells form

 

 

• Complete the following table comparing mitosis and meiosis.

	Mitosis	Meiosis
Type of Reproduction (asexual or sexual)	Asexual	Sexual
Chromosome number of parent cell (1N=haploid or 2N=diploid)	2N	2N
Chromosome number of daughter cells (1N=haploid or 2N=diploid)	2N	N
Number of Cell Divisions	1	2
Number of Daughter Cells	2	4
When does DNA replication take place?	Interphase	Interphase

 

 

Chapter 12 – DNA & RNA

• To the right is a strand of DNA. Give the complementary nucleotide sequence needed to make this a double helix.

T – C – G – G – T – C

 

• What are the black pentagons? What are the PO4’s?

Deoxyribose sugar; phosphate groups

 

• What kind of weak bonds hold the two strands of DNA together?

Hydrogen bonds

 

• Describe the process of transcription and where it happens.

Make RNA from DNA; in the nucleus

 

• If the strand of DNA to the left undergoes transcription, what will the sequence of the mRNA be?

U – C – G – G – U – C

 

• What is a codon?

Group of 3 bases that codes for an amino acid

 

 

• Describe the process of translation and where it happens.

Make protein from RNA; in the cytoplasm at the ribosome

 

• After translation, what would the amino acid sequence be for this section of mRNA?

Ser – Val

 

• What kind of bond holds the amino acids together in the protein that is formed?

Peptide bond

 

• Complete the following table comparing DNA and RNA.

	DNA	RNA
Sugars	Deoxyribose	Ribose
Bases	A, T, C, G	A, U, C, G
Number of Strands	2 strands	1 stand
Where in the Cell	Nucleus	Cytoplasm
Function	Stores genetic info	Transports genetic info

• Describe the process of DNA replication.

DNA is copied; DNA unzips, one strand serves as the template and creates 2 new DNA molecules

 

• What is the end result of DNA replication?

Two new molecules – made up of one original strand and one new strand

 

• What is a mutation?

Change in genetic sequence

 

• What the three types of RNA and what are their functions?

mRNA – carries message from DNA
rRNA – makes up the ribosome
tRNA – transfers amino acids to the ribosome

 

 

 

 

 

Chapter 11 – Intro to Genetics

• Define:
• dominant – written as a capital letter, this trait will show

• recessive – written as a lower case letter; only will show if two recessive alleles are present

 

• homozygous – SAME alleles; TT or tt

• heterozygous – DIFFERENT alleles; Tt

 

• genotype – letter combination that show the genes; TT, Tt, tt

• phenotype – physical description; tall or short

 

 

• Sample Monohybrid Cross Question:
• In a genetics laboratory, two heterozygous tall plants are crossed.  If tall is dominant over short, what are the expected phenotypic results?

TT	Tt
Tt	tt

Tt x Tt

75% Tall

25% short

 

• If one homozygous short plant is crossed with a heterozygous tall plant, what percentage of the offspring will be short?

 

Tt	tt
Tt	tt

tt x Tt

50% short
50% Tall

 

1. What are the genotypes of the parents that would produce 50% short and 50% tall pea plants?

 

Tt x tt

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1. Sample incomplete dominance question:  When Red and white flowers are crossed, pink flowers are produced.  What is expected when two pink flowers cross?

Key: RR = red   WW = white   RW = pink

RW x RW

RR	RW
RW	WW

25% red
50% pink
25% white

 

 

1. Sample Blood Type (Multiple Allele/ co-dominant) Question:  Mr. Jones has blood type A and Mrs. Jones has blood type AB. What is the probability that they will have a child with blood type A if both of Mr. Jones’s parents were AB?

IA IA	IA IA
IA IB	IA IB

Mr. Jones: IAIA

Mrs. Jones: IAIB

 

50% chance of a child with Type A blood

 

1. Is it possible for a male with A blood type to have a child with a female B blood type who is O?  Explain.

Yes only if Mom is IAi and Dad is IBi.

 

1. Why are males more likely to express a sex liked trait?

Most sex-linked traits are on the X chromosome, males only need one affected gene to get the trait

 

1. Sample Sex-linked trait Question:  Color blindness is a sex-linked recessive trait. A mother with normal color vision and a color blind father have a color blind daughter. Which of the following statements is correct?
1. All of their daughters will be color blind.
2. The mother is a carrier of the color blindness gene.
3. All of their sons will have normal color vision.
4. All of their sons will be color blind.

 

1. In a pedigree, an open circle indicates: FEMALES and a solid square indicates: MALES

 

 

 

 

 

1. Answer the following:

I                                                                 1         2

 

II           1        2                3                    4          5            6            7               8      

III     1         2        3                                   4          5

1. What is the genotype of individual I-1?

bb

1. What is the genotype of II-4?     

Bb

1. If someone with the genotype similar to II-7 had children with someone with the same genotype as III-3, what are the chances that their childen will be affected?

bb x bb

100% chance of being affected

 

 

 

 

Chapter 1 – The Science of Biology

1. List 8 characteristics of living things:
1. Made up of cells
2. reproduce
3. grows & develops
4. obtain & use energy
5. evolves
6. contains genetic material
7. maintain stable internal environment
8. responds to the environment

 

1. What is homeostasis?

The ability of an organism to maintain its internal environment despite conditions in the external environment

 

Chapter 8 & 9 – Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

1. What is the formula for photosynthesis?

CO2 + H2O + Energy → C6H12O6 + O2
Carbon dioxide + water + sunlight → glucose + oxygen

1. What are the reactants and products?

 

Reactants: carbon dioxide, water

Products: glucose, oxygen

 

1. Write the formula for cellular respiration:

C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + Energy
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + energy + water

 

1. What are the reactants and what are the products of cellular respiration?      

Reactants: glucose, oxygen, water

Products: energy, carbon dioxide, water

 

1. Cellular Respiration occurs in (Plants / Animals / Both)?

 

1. Photosynthesis occurs in (Plants / Animals / Both)?

 

1. What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?

Light intensity, Color of light, amount of water, temperature, amount of carbon dioxide

 

Chapter 15 - Evolution

1. Define natural selection.

“Survival of the Fittest” - MOST fit will survive and reproduce and the least fit die or have few offspring

1. Describe co-evolution and give an example.

Two organisms directly affect each other’s evolution
EX: honeybee and flower, hummingbirds and flowers

 

1. Describe Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection:

All living things compete for resources, only those that are best adapted will obtain those resources.  Those that are BEST FIT will survive, reproduce, and pass on those traits to their offspring.  Those that are least fit will die.
Chapter 18 - Classification

1. Originally, how many kingdoms were there?  Why?

Two – plants and animals
Then realized that it wasn’t enough to categorize every organism.

 

1. List the 7 levels of classification from largest to smallest.

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

1. What is binomial nomenclature?

Two word naming system – Genus species

1. Circle each of the following as prokaryotic or eukaryotic AND as autotrophic or heterotrophic AND as unicellular or multicellular.

 

1. Bacteria – pro / eu           auto / hetero                          uni / multi

1. Protists – pro / eu            auto / hetero                          uni / multi

 

1. Plants – pro / eu              auto / hetero                           uni / multi

1. Animals – pro / eu                       auto / hetero                          uni / multi

 

 

 

1. Identify each organism below:

         
    

 

1. Which would be the most primitive organism?

Ray-finned fish

 

1. Circle 2 organisms that would have the most similar DNA.

 

1. Why did you choose those 2 organisms (question 74)?

They are the closest on the cladogram, so they are the most similar

 

 

1. Are viruses living or nonliving?  Explain.

Nonliving, they contain DNA, but cannot reproduce.  They most use a host to reproduce.

1. Compare and Contrast Viruses and bacteria in regard to their structure.

Bacteria: ALIVE, prokaryotes, unicellular
Viruses: NOT LIVING, DNA enclosed in a capsid, much smaller than a bacteria

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Chapter 3 & 4 – Ecosystems

1. What are some adaptations that allow animals to survive on land? (as compared to water)

Feet, lungs, protective skin – prevent water loss, fur

 

1. What are some adaptations that allow plants to survive on land? (as compared to water)

Roots, cuticle to prevent water loss, stems

 

1. Explain the difference between biotic and abiotic factors.

Biotic – living factors (food, predators, competitors)
Abiotic – non living factors (sunlight, temperature, water, pH)

1. Define these types of relationships (symbiosis).
1. mutualism – both benefit (bee and a flower)

 

1. commensalism – one benefits, the other is unaffected (birds nest in a tree)

1. parasitism – one benefits, the other is harmed (tick and a dog)

 

1. predator/prey – predator hunts prey

1. competition – two organisms fighting for similar resources

 

1. What is carrying capacity?

The maximum amount of individuals in a population that the surrounding environment can sustain

 

1. How does photosynthesis relate to energy getting into ecosystems?

Plants use photosynthesis to make their own food, other organisms then rely on plants for their food, other animals rely on those herbivores

 

1. What role do decomposers play in the environment?

They break down matter so it can be recycled back into the environment

 

1. What is a trophic level?

Each level in a food chain or food web (producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers)

 

1. What is a food chain?   

A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten

 

1. What is a food web?

Links all food chains together in an ecosystem

 

 

1. What is the ultimate source of energy for this food web?

SUN

 

1. What are the producers in this food web?

Oak tree – blossoms, nuts, leaves

 

1. What are the primary consumers (herbivores) in this food web?

Bees, deer, mice, rabbit, insects

 

1. What are the secondary consumers in this food web?

Wolf, Bear, toad, birds, red fox, skunk

 

1. What are the highest level consumers in this food web?

Bear, wolf, red fox

 

BEAR

 Create an energy pyramid from the food chain: leaves →  insects → birds → red fox → bear

  

BIRDS

 Where is the most energy in this pyramid? Where is the least energy?
At the bottom – leaves
 At the top - bear

LEAVES

 What happens to energy as it moves through the food chain/web?
It is lost as heat

1. Assume there are 10,000 kilocalories of energy in the leaves. Estimate the amount of energy in each of the other levels of the energy pyramid.

Only 10% of energy is available from the before

Bear – 1 kilocalorie
Red fox – 10 kilocalories
Birds – 100 kilocalories
Insects – 1,000 kilocalories
Leaves – 10,000 kilocalories

 

1. What happens to matter as it moves through the food chain/web?

Matter is recycled – carbon cycle, water cycle,