Chapter 36
The Final Chapter
Globalization and Resistance: World History 1990-2003

I. Introduction
A. Hey…this is the last chapter I’m taking notes on
B. There’s a pretty good chance I’ll never take notes on a textbook again
i. I hope you guys have found this beneficial
ii. And now…it begins
C. End of century
i. End of communism
ii. End of decolonialism movement
iii. Offers rare opportunity for human improvement
i. Spread of technology, medicine
iv. Conversely, threatens social conflict/international confrontation
D. Map looks a lot different – gone are empires, hello independent nation-states
E. Opportunity for globalized economy
i. Soviet bloc countries free at last
i. Most communist, former communist countries join global economy
i. Accept for N. Korea & Albania – chose the less fun option B
ii. Creation of regional trade alliances
iii. More power to international lending agencies
F. Problems
i. New wealth favors those already having wealth
i. Already have capital, education, contacts
ii. Middle class grew, but…
iii. Total number of impoverished grew even faster
G. Consumer culture takes off
i. Working class men/women make consumer goods shipped to more affluent nations
ii. Profits reaped by multicultural corporations – naughty McDonalds and Starbucks
H. Ethnic groups and religious movements take off
i. No longer kept quiet by dictator/authoritarian regime
ii. Religious movements reject consumerism

II. The End of the Cold War
A. Introduction
i. Now…I did tell you this is the last chapter
i. Did I tell you that there are a lot of pages, and I’m not looking forward to this?
ii. OK…back to the USSR falling apart
iii. Do you guys even read the textbook anymore?
ii. Why did the USSR fall apart?
i. Conservative leadership intent on maintaining status quo
ii. Pressure from surrounding areas
a. Islamic fervor – Afghanistan and Iran
i. Afghanistan war proved expensive and unpopular
iii. Hard to hide W. Europe’s economic success
a. Link through Poland – Catholic Church
iv. China goes the pragmatist route – joins global market 1978
a. Leads to rapid investment and growth
v. New US policy
a. Gone was the liberal, humanitarian detentish Jimmy Carter
b. Enters conservative, republican Ronald Reagan
i. He’s brilliant – bankrupts Russian economy
a. Increases US defense, Russia tries to keep up
b. Welfare programs decrease, but Russia dies
B. The Explosion of the 1980s and 1990s
1. Soviet economy falling apart
i. Environmental destruction due to forced industrialization
a. ½ agriculture land endangered
b. Severe respiratory, diseases – infant mortality increases
ii. Industrial production slows
a. Health problems + rigid central planning + poor morale
iii. Simultaneously – military spending increased
C. The Age of Reform
1. Mikhail Gorbachev – man of reform
i. Takes on Western behavior
a. Fashionable clothes, open press conferences, stylish wife
ii. Reduces nuclear arms
a. Negotiated a deal with US on medium range missiles
iii. Withdraws troops from USSR
2. Internal change – glasnost – openness
i. Encourages freedom/criticism
a. But…people didn’t exactly jump up and start complaining
i. Maybe that hole Mao flower incident was still fresh
ii. End bureaucratic inefficiency
a. But central planning still huge
3. How similar to previous Russian policies?
i. Criticize the West’s opulence, while accepting useful traits
a. Wanted Western management , cultural styles
ii. But…how do you have higher tech, but control info?
iii. But…how do you increase productivity, without being capitalist?
4. Some companies/investments allowed in to Russia
5. Perestroika – economic reform
i. Private ownership
ii. Decentralized control of industry/farming
iii. Individual land ownership (well…50 year leasing)
6. Ideological changes
i. Stop relying on authoritarian to solve all problems
ii. Control your drinking, arguing, negative behavior
7. Political changes
i. New Constitution – 1988
a. More power to parliament – Congress of People’s Deputies
8. Effects of reforms
i. Ethnic and religious riots – Muslims and Armenian Christians
ii. Baltic states want independence
9. Socially
i. Too hard for women to do both work and home
a. “return to their purely womanly missions”
D. Dismantling the Soviet Empire
1. Soviet Bloc countries take this opportunity to revolt
i. One by one, each nation’s government changes gov’t or opens economy
ii. Methods

1. Mass demonstrations
2. Rarely violence

iii. Immediately, ethnic tensions emerged
a. Romanians vs. ethnic Hungarians
b. Yugoslavia – Slovenia vs. Croatia vs. Bosnia-Herzegovina – civil war
iv. Hard to get on right track

1. Governments unstable/constitutions vague or not written
2. Economies suffer from pollution, sluggish production

v. Gorbachev says – “any nation has the right to decide its fate by itself”
a. Withdraws troops
E. Renewed Turmoil in 1991 and 1992
1. 1991 – Attempted military coup stopped w/ popular demonstrations
i. Broke from tradition – people actually supported democracy
2. Gorbachev unable to use authority to agree on economic goals
i. Boris Yeltsin of Russia takes over
ii. No more Soviet Union for Gorbachev to rule
3. Becomes Commonwealth of Independent States
i. Still have issues
a. What to do about army, nuclear control
b. economic coordination
c. dismantling of state control
4. Issue – should economy turn to full market system
i. Led to other problems
a. Profiteers amass fortunes – take advantage
b. Yeltsin’s health suffers
c. corruption
d. ineffective government
5. Vladimir Putin – 1999
i. Freedom of press, but attacked dissident TV stations
ii. some wanted liberal society
iii. some wanted return to economic security/national glory
F. The Spread of Democracy
1. Theme of 20th century – spread of multiparty democracy w/ freely contested elections
i. Communism, fascism, authoritarianism replaced w/ democracy
a. Latin America in 1980s and 1990s, all but Cuba
b. 1980s – Asia – Korea, Taiwan, later Philippines
c. Late 1990s – Indonesia, South Africa, Nigeria
i. But Africa mostly authoritarian
ii. Why democracy/capitalism attractive

1. political stability
2. cultural prestige
3. economic success
4. Japan and India proved successful
5. Communism failed, no competition

iii. But…sometimes economy didn’t improve as expected
2. Did I tell you this is a long chapter…only 1/3 of the way done

III. The Great Powers and New Disputes

1. Introduction
1. Changes in the superpowers
1. US the lone superpower, Russian power declines
2. Russian nuclear weapons
1. military forces cut back
2. Need to control dismantling of nuclear bombs
2. Nations threaten US dominance
1. China builds up military, spreads economy
2. Europeans annoyed w/ US human rights and environmental policies
3. US dominance increases w/ economic growth
4. September 11, 2001 – Terrorists frustrated by US policy
1. stationing troops on Saudi Arabia “sacred ground”
2. Supporting Israel
3. Americanization, corruption of values
3. What does US do with power?  Spread elsewhere
1. Everyone should have free market economy
2. New threats – emerging nations – Iran, Iraq, North Korea – axis of evil
1. Increased military spending
3. Intervenes in regional conflicts
1. Kicked Iraq out of Kuwait
2. Tried to settle peacefully Balkan situation
4. US starts war against terrorism

D. Regional Disputes and Alliances
a. End of US-Soviet rivalry led to
i. Regional rivalries flaring up again
1. Middle East – constant conflict
a. Iraq/Iran War in 1980s and then Iraq invades Kuwait
b. US military presence in Middle East angers Arabs/Muslims
c. 2003 Britain/US try to topple authoritarian regime of Saddam
i. Hilights issues created by post WWI borders
d. Israel/Palestine
i. Autonomous Palestinian gov’t set up
ii. But cycle of Palestinian terrorist bombings
a. Israeli attacks on Palestinian cities
2. India/Pakistan
a. Border clashes – especially Kashmir
b. Hindu nationalism and Muslim rhetoric
c. Both sides test nuclear bombs
ii. Regions working together
1. NATO purpose in question, still provides European security
2. European Union looks to Eastern European countries
a. Turkey a possibility, but human rights violations
b. Agree to common currency – Euro
3. Economic alliances – economics key issue in diplomacy now
a. North American Free Trade Agreement – NAFTA
i. Increase trade, but w/ loss of jobs to Mexico
ii. Environmental effects – factories less regulated in Mexic
b. Areas of East Asia coordinate
E. Ethnic Conflict
i. Why new ethnic conflicts?
1. New global interactions – unites group identities
2. Need group identity to combat influx of other cultures
3. Collapse of multinational states
a. Ideologies such as communism were uniting force
4. Nations gave more voice to minorities
5. Right-wing gov’t options offer anti-immigration policies
6. Former Soviet territories
a. Some split peacefully – Czech Republic and Slovakia
b. Hungarian minorities in Romania
c. Turkish minorities in Bulgaria
d. Muslim Chechnya tries to break away – uses terrorism
i. Russia combats with military action
e. Armenian Christians vs. Muslim Azerbaijan
f. Yugoslavia – end of communism led to massive bloodshed
i. Albanian Muslims vs. Slavic Serbs vs. Slavic Croats vs. Muslim Slavs
ii. Catholic Croats vs. Orthodox Serbs vs. Muslims
iii. “ethnic cleansing” to remove other ethnic group
iv. NATO finally enters to try to maintain peace
i. Which side?
v. Serbian Slobodan Milosevic finally expelled – atrocities
ii. Rwanda – Hutus vs. Tutsis
1. Old rivalries + disputes over power
2. Tutsis ruled, but they were minority
3. Hutus slaughtered hundreds of thousands – millions refugees
iii. Huge refugee populations + civilians as targets (genocide)
iv. Hesitation from outside forces to intervene
IV. Globalization
A. Introduction
a. Flattening of the world – transglobal connections
i. Breakdown of Soviet bloc
ii. Improved communication, banking, computing – Internet helped a ton
iii. China moves to enter trade network
iv. Commitment of world to free market/less state intervention
v. More people become accustomed to global connections
1. Nationalism declines
2. English spreads
b. Globalization – interconnectedness of communication, culture, politics
B. The New Technology
a. Cellular phones open up areas w/ out landed infrastructure
b. Improvements in miniaturization
i. More information stored
c. Email/Internet allows for exchange of documents, images, music
i. Even if your region doesn’t have infrastructure, mail, transportation
d. Satellite technology
C. Business Organization and Investment
a. International investment increases
i. New technology + open political boundaries
ii. Production facilities around globe
b. Globalization equaled
i. Increases in imports/exports
ii. Businesses organized across political boundaries – multinational corporations
iii. division of labor goes worldwide
iv. Factories set up in other countries
a. Close to markets
b. Relaxed environmental regulations
c. Cheaper labor
v. Finding cheaper raw materials
c. Multinational corporations
i. Negatives
a. Some multinationals have more power/money than nations
b. Could threaten to leave, alter political/economic policy of region
c. end competitiveness of local goods
d. Environmental consquences
ii. Positives
a. Promote industrial skills in agricultural regions
b. Necessitates improvements in communication/transportation systems
c. Better wages
d. More enlightened working conditions/bosses than local
D. Migration
a. International migration to fill job needs
i. “guest workers” in Europe
ii. Slow growing populations in industrialized nations – need for labor
iii. Ease of travel
b. Creates multinational Western nations
i. Key urban/commercial centers far more diverse
ii. US 25% from houses where English not #1 language
c. Leads to tensions – local population vs. foreigners
d. Leads to cultural exchanges
E. Cultural Globalization
a. Pace of cultural exchange/contacts increased in 1990s
i. global technologies
ii. Business organization
iii. Reduced political barriers
b. Music exchanges, science laboratories w/ researchers from around the world
c. Spread of fast-food restaurants – symbol of globalization
i. McDonaldization of the world
d. Spread of western culture
i. Baywatch – huge foreign audiences
ii. Western beauty standards
iii. Movie/amusement part icons
iv. MTV indoctrinated youth
v. American Christmas holiday
vi. Western clothing
e. Spread of Japanese/European culture
i. Pokemon, music groups, animation
ii. European fashion and music
f. Usually culture of industrialized world spreads to non-industrialized
i. At times, needs to adapt to local customs
F. Institutions of Globalization
a. United Nations – tried to calm/prevent disputes
i. Helped w/ growing refugee populations
ii. Discussed gender/human rights/population control
iii. Encouraged assistance in slowing spread of AIDS
b. International Monetary Fund and World Bank – helped organize trade
i. offered loans and guidance to developing nations
ii. Loans come w/ requirements for economic reform
a. Reduced gov’t spending
b. Open competition
iii. Promoters of global economy
a. We’ll loan you money if you play ball
c. G8 Summit – meeting of industrialized nations
i. Canada, US, Germany, France, Britain, Japan and another one from Europe
G. Protest and Economic Uncertainties
a. Globalization led to protest movement
i. Huge demonstrations at G8/World Bank meetings
a. Threatening the environment
b. Cheap labor exploited
c. Rampant consumerism
d. Benefits rich nations at expense of developing nations
i. Growing income gap
a. Both between regions and w/in region
b. Expanding group of haves and have-nots
b. Economic problems in 1990s – Southeast Asia, Russia, Turkey
i. Maybe globalization doesn’t work after all
V. A World of Religious and Ethnic Conflict
A. Nationalism and Religious Currents
a. Nationalistic reactions to globalization
i. Usually by countries that can’t compete
ii. Due to erosion of traditional culture
iii. Reactions
a. Japan teaches chopstick use/France outlaws English words
b. Regulate # of immigrants
c. Reject international treaties – US
b. Subnational loyalties
i. Non-majority groups on periphery want autonomy
ii. Gov’t reacts with more oppression/restrictions
a. Tibet to China, Khmer to Vietnam
c. African nations fall apart – go to warlords – Sierra Leone/Liberia
d. Religious differences lead to subnational conflicts
i. Catholic/Orthodox/Muslim in Yugoslavia
ii. Hindus/Muslims ini India
iii. Muslim/Christian in Indonesia
iv. Jews/Muslims/Christians in Israel
B. Religious Revivals
a. Sometimes as reactions to globalization with controversial sexuality/consumerism
b. Following Cold War – return to religions of old
i. Protestant fundamentalism in US
ii. Orthodox in Russia
iii. Hindu fundamentalism in India
iv. Islam in Middle East/Africa/Central Asia
c. Characteristics of religious fundamentalism
i. Appeals to impoverished groups
ii. Religious leaders use Internet
iii. Increases intolerance of other religions
C. Global Terrorism
a. Terrorism expands late 20th century
i. Terrorist warfare to counter superior military
ii. Roots go back to 19th century Russia
iii. Miniaturization of technology – bombs
iv. Security increases – turn to civilian “soft” targets
a. Undermine hated regime/destabilize society
b. September 11, 2001
i. World Trade Center – symbol of globalization
ii. Protest of US Middle East policy
c. Leads to intense retaliation
i. Causes more casualties than terrorism
ii. Leads to limitations of globalization – travel
VI. Global Warming and Other Perils
A. Introduction
1. Fall of communism revealed destruction of environment
a. USSR/Eastern Europe’s industrialization more hazardous than elsewhere
i. If communism hadn’t ended, region could have been unlivable
2. Fear of China industrializing – resources already depleted, billion people
3. Southeast Asia/Japan/Africa extracting resources w/ abandon
4. Ecologically sound industrialization not possible in developing nations
a. No longer getting money from Soviet Union
5. Cold War ideology pushed development w/ out concern for environment
a. Corruption/cronyism of developmental regions – don’t implement guidelines
6. Impact of industrial world
a. 1/5 of world consumed 4/5 of goods/resources
b. 1/5 of world produces 70% of pollution
7. Developing too far behind
a. Would take 150 years to catch up to US 1980 level
B. Environmental Issues as Global Concerns
1. Environmental disruptions due to mechanized warfare, science, industrialization
2. Global warming – buildup of excessive amounts of carbon dioxide
a. Due to industrial waste + exhaust from cars, trucks, machines
b. Due to methane – manure/fertilizer – and farting cows
c. Due to Chlorofluorocarbons CFCs
3. Effects of Global Warming
a. Shifts in temperature/rainfall
b. Droughts and famine
c. Coastal areas inundated
d. Vegetation and wildlife altered
4. Consistencies
a. Agricultural/methane carbon dioxide been around for centuries
b. Speed increased with industrialization
5. Destruction of rain forests
a. Can’t replenish
b. Creates most species of plant/animal life on planet
c. And…creates oxygen
6. Attempts at reform not always successful
a. 1997 Kyoto Reforms – US doesn’t sign – might hurt economy
C. Disease
1. Rapid international travel/interaction spreads diseases
a. Remote regions no longer safe from global epidemics
b. AIDS all over the world/SARS scared people
2. Fear of big epidemic in the future
VI. Toward the Future
A. Introduction – predictions oftentimes wrong
B. Projecting from Trends
1. Population will slow down
2. How will gov’t react to huge # of old people
3. Is democracy still spreading?  Recently not so good…
4. Are we going to be more consumer driven or more religiously fundamental
C. Big Changes
1. Negative – dramatic climate change/resource exhaustion
2. World turns postindustrial – goal becomes entertaining, not producing
a. Will work get more repetitive or more creative
D. The Problem of the Contemporary World
1. Who will replace dominant Europe?  US, China, East Asia?
2. Are women going further toward equality or is there a backlash – religion/men
VII. Global Connections
A. People more committed to professions than region/civilization
1. Downtowns becoming homogenized
B. But…will globalization lead to extremist reactions to hold on to past
1. Can nations hold on to tradition
2. But…world history has shown that regions try to hold on to identity
C. And that…my friends…is my final note for the textbook…I’m retiring